Unit information: Geophysical Fluid Dynamics in 2011/12

Unit name	Geophysical Fluid Dynamics
Unit code	EASCM0025
Credit points	10
Level of study	M/7
Teaching block(s)	Teaching Block 1A (weeks 1 - 6)
Unit director	Professor. Mader
Open unit status	Not open
Pre-requisites	Successful completion of the first three years of a science programme. Please note that the material on this course ranges from descriptive to theoretical. To cope with the theory you need to be at ease with algebraic manipulations of equations and with basic calculus (i.e. Can you differentiate a polynomial and do you understand the meaning of the function you thereby obtain?). Anything that goes beyond this level will be introduced carefully during the course before being applied to fluid flow.
Co-requisites	n/a
School/department	School of Earth Sciences
Faculty	Faculty of Science

Description including Unit Aims

This unit is aimed at developing a quantitative description and understanding of natural flows. This will involve a consideration of the flow of natural, multiphase materials in viscous, inviscid and turbulent flow. The fluid mechanical principles of heat and mass transfer in fluid flows will be applied to understanding geophysical phenomena. The impact of the Earth's rotation on large-scale fluid motions will also be discussed. Specific geophysical flows of interest will be: the flow of ice, rock, lava and mud; plate motions and the viscosity of the mantle; convection in magma chambers and in the Sun's interior; flows in the Earth's atmosphere and oceans including the Gulf Stream.

Intended Learning Outcomes

On successful completion you will be able to:

• Explain and apply some of the basic laws governing geophysical fluid flows.

• Understand the principles that govern different types of flow (e.g. turbulent versus laminar motion) and different behaviours of Earth materials (e.g. air, water, magma, mud and various multiphase mixtures).

• Understand the importance of rotation within fluid flows and be able to explain the origin of turbulence and be able to distinguish in detail between viscous, inviscid and turbulent flow behaviours.

• Understand the effect of the Earth's rotation on large scale fluid motions in the atmosphere and oceans and be able to explain the nature and origin of the Coriolis force.

• Understand the principles that govern natural convection including thermal, compositional and phase change effects, and apply this understanding to magma chambers and convection in the Sun's interior.

• Understand the principles of dimensional analysis and be able apply these to constrain the dynamics of geological flows.

• Explain and apply standard measurement techniques for determining the viscosity of various fluids including multiphase mixtures and be able to interpret flow-curves.

• Understand the principles of buoyancy-driven flows and be able to apply these to the dynamics of volcanic eruption columns and pyroclastic flows, and turbidity currents.

• Critically discuss the literature in geophysical fluid mechanics.

• Be able to keep an accurate laboratory notebook.

Teaching Information

Lectures and Practicals

Assessment Information

Continuous assessment will cover 40% of total marks and will be based on the assessment of your laboratory notebook, and the seminar. Solutions to examples are not assessed. However, worked solutions will be provided at the end of the course. A final closed exam in Weeks 11/12 will cover all aspects of the course (60% of marks).

Assessment will be based on the criteria at:

http://www2.gly.bris.ac.uk/www/admin/assessment/criteria/faculty.html http://www2.gly.bris.ac.uk/www/admin/assessment/criteria/number.html http://www2.gly.bris.ac.uk/www/admin/assessment/criteria/oral.html

Reading and References

Primary sources

Ocean Circulation, Oceanography Course Team, The Open University, Pergamon, 1989, ISBN 0-08-036369-5.

Mechanics in the Earth and Environmental Sciences, GV Middleton and PR Wilcock, Cambridge University Press, 1994, ISBN 0-521-44669-4.

The Physics of Glaciers, 3rd Edition, WSB Paterson, Elsevier Science Ltd, 1994, ISBN 0-08-037944-3.

Atmosphere, Weather and Climate, 8th Edition, RG Barry and RJ Chorley, Routledge, 2003, ISBN 0-415-27171-1.

Meteorology Today, 6th Edition, CD Ahrens, Brooks/Cole, 2000, ISBN 0-534-37201-5.

Required Reading (~24 pages per week = ~120 pages total)

Sections 26.1 to 26.9, Chapter 26, (p 430-449) Applications of fluid dynamics. In: Physical Fluid Dynamics, DJ Tritton, Oxford Science Publications, 1988, ISBN 0-19-854493-6.

Section on Reconstruction of past ice sheets. (p247-250) In: The Physics of Glaciers, 3rd Edition, WSB Paterson, Elsevier Science Ltd, 1994, ISBN 0-08-037944-3.

Section on Ice dating based on flow models and Complications in Flow. (p276-287) In: The Physics of Glaciers, 3rd Edition, WSB Paterson, Elsevier Science Ltd, 1994, ISBN 0-08-037944-3.

Spatial variability in the water content and rheology of temperate glaciers: Glacier de Tsanfleuron, Switzerland. BP Hubbard et al, Annals of Glaciology, 37, 1-6, 2003.

Methods of determining the rheological properties of magmas at sub-liquidus temperatures. H Pinkerton and RJ Stevenson, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 53, 47-66, 1992.

The rheology of a bubbly liquid. EW Llewellin et al, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A, 458, 987-1016, 2002.

Bubble suspension rheology and implications for conduit flow. EW Llewellin and M Manga, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 143, 205-217, 2005.

The role of laboratory experiments in volcanology. HM Mader et al, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 129, 1-5, 2004.

Chapter 11 on Wind: Global Systems. (p 273-299) In: Meteorology Today, 6th Edition, CD Ahrens, Brooks/Cole, 2000, ISBN 0-534-37201-5.

Gulf Stream Cold-Core Rings: Their Physics, Chemistry, and Biology. The Ring Group. Science, 212 (4499), 1091-1100, 1981.

Sections 7.33 and 7.331-7.334 (p 141-150), on North Atlantic Circulation. In: Descriptive Physical Oceanography, An Introduction, 4th Edition, GL Pickard and WJ Emery, Pergamon Press, 1982, ISBN 0-08-026279-1.